Este trabalho analisa as condições de crença numa Europa contemporânea marcada por uma forte e crescente diversidade cultural. Observamos o estado da arte relativamente aos resultados de estudos anteriores sobre o binómio religião-diversidade. Verificamos que, tendencialmente, a diversidade se encontra negativamente associada à coesão e vitalidade religiosas. Os efeitos fragmentadores e relativizadores da diversidade e o crescimento de uma cultura, implícita ou explicitamente, secular são habitualmente apontados como os motivos fundamentais para a fragilização dos laços religiosos, sobretudo dos tradicionais/institucionais. No (...) entanto, a maioria dos investigadores vem resistindo à afirmação dessa correlação negativa, assumindo apenas a deslocação e recomposição da religião em condições de diversidade. Concluímos que se pode concordar com essa asserção; porém, torna-se difícil negar que a diversidade tem efeitos secularizantes, ainda que limitados, na religião, particularmente por conta da emergência e hegemonia dum paradigma imanente de interpretar o mundo. (shrink)

This book discusses the question of whether legal interpretation is a scientific activity. The law’s dependency on language, at least for the usual communication purposes, not only makes legal interpretation the main task performed by those whose work involves the law, but also an unavoidable step in the process of resolving a legal case. This task of decoding the words and sentences used by normative authorities while enacting norms, carried out in compliance with the principles and rules of the natural (...) language adopted, is prone to all of the difficulties stemming from the uncertainty intrinsic to all linguistic conventions. In this context, seeking to determine whether legal interpretation can be scientific or, in other words, can comply with the requirements for scientific knowledge, becomes a central question. In fact, the coherent application of the law depends on a knowledge regarding the meaning of normative sentences that can be classified as being structured, systematically organized and tendentially objective. Accordingly, this book focuses on analyzing precisely these problems; its respective contributions offer a range of revealing perspectives on both the problems and their ramifications. (shrink)

Implementing corporate social responsibility (CSR) in supply chains is not a trivial task. In fact, many firms in recent years have publicly proclaimed that in order to keep their CSR commitments, they had to reduce reliance on external suppliers by vertically integrating their operations. Our aim in this article is to examine whether there is truly a relationship between a firm’s CSR performance and its level of vertical integration. Drawing on a multi-industry sample of 2,715 firm-year observations, and after addressing (...) endogeneity concerns, we demonstrate that firms with higher CSR performance tend to vertically integrate more (or, outsource less). We also demonstrate that this tendency is weaker for firms that have higher degrees of asset specificity or international diversification. Our core conclusion is that CSR performance and outsourcing are at odds, but firms can reconcile this tension by deepening their collaborations with suppliers. (shrink)

The idea that natural selection acts on many levels—and not only at the level of organisms or individual genes—is increasingly accepted among biologists. However, it is not easy to reconcile this idea with the strictly “individualistic” conception of the evolutionary process that has always characterized Darwinian thought. Moreover, the individuality of some forms of life is a vague concept and therefore controversial. This is the case of Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis, whose discovery immediately inspired the following question: Does the concept of (...) individuality have degrees? Alternatively, how far is this structure of prokaryotic cells from deserving to be called an organism? In this article, we propose a new conceptual scheme based on an idea of individuality that is not limited to organisms and that makes sense in terms of Darwinian evolution. In this conceptual scheme, selection at levels above that of the individual organism is interpreted as the evolutionary emergence of higher-level individuality. This proposal may serve as a basis on which to construct a promising hierarchical evolutionary theory. (shrink)

This article examines Aristotle's views concerning the possibility of friendship between human beings and nonhuman animals. The suggestion that he denies this possibility is rejected. I reassess the textual evidence adduced by scholars in support of this reading, while adding new material for discussion. Central to the traditional reading is the assumption that animals, in Aristotle's view, cannot be friends in virtue of their cognitive limitations. I argue that Aristotle's account of animal cognition is perfectly consistent with the possibility of (...) friendship between human beings and nonhuman animals. (shrink)

Este artículo busca demostrar que, a partir de los lineamientos presentes en el capítulo II del reciente _Reprise du donné_ es posible proponer cuatro niveles de hermenéutica que nos permiten resolver algunos de los problemas de la fenomenología marioniana lúcidamente planteados por Christina Gschwandtner.

La llamada _nouvelle phénoménologie_ ¿practica efectivamente una fenomenología? Este artículo se propone demostrar, a partir de un análisis de las propuestas de sus dos autores más representativos: Jean-Luc Marion y Claude Romano, que las obras de estos filósofos constituyen una auténtica fenomenología si se tiene en cuenta el particular estatuto que le otorgan a la instancia antepredicativa.

La fenomenología marioniana ha recibido diversas críticas respecto de su lectura de la _Gegebenheit_ husserliana y heideggeriana. Este artículo se propone dar cuenta de la importancia fenomenológica de la concepción marioniana de la donación.

1919 es un año clave en la trayectoria filosófica de Martin Heidegger. Recién designado como docente asistente de Husserl en la Universidad de Friburgo, Heidegger comienza a trabajar en dos proyectos que se dan en paralelo: la "transformación hermenéutica de la fenomenología" y el desarrollo de una fenomenología de la religión, que, en un principio, está centrada en el estudio de la mística medieval. El diálogo de ida y vuelta entre ambos proyectos produce las más importantes ideas de la filosofía (...) heideggeriana temprana. Este artículo se propone sostener que la lectura de ciertos autores místicos fue determinante para su reinterpretación de la fenomenología. Heidegger se apropia de la Hingabe mística dándole un sentido técnico de extrema importancia en su metodología fenomenológica. 1919 is a key year in Martin Heidegger's philosophical path. Recently appointed as Husserl's assistant professor at the University of Freiburg, Heidegger begins to work on two projects that occur in parallel: the "hermeneutical transformation of phenomenology" and the development of a phenomenology of religion, which initially focuses on the study of medieval mysticism. The back and forth dialogue between the two projects produces the most important ideas of Heidegger's early philosophy. This article aims to argue that the reading of certain mystical authors was determinant for his reinterpretation of phenomenology. Heidegger appropriates the mystical Hingabe by giving it a technical sense of extreme importance in his phenomenological methodology. (shrink)

'Sound Effects' collects original articles on English and American prose fiction which analyse vocal phenomena by using the psychoanalytic concept of the object voice - introduced by J. Lacan and theorised by M. Dolar - as their interpretative tool.

Digital technologies raised the expectation of improving democracy by generating spaces and instruments to increase citizen participation. However, some of its uses have led to denigrate democratic deliberation. With an analytical method on theoretical references and the results of empirical research, the democratic challenges of digital technologies are reviewed to show their political and ethical nature. The results show reasons to abandon optimistic techno-determinism. The findings suggest, on the one hand, that digital technology can solve the obstacles of sophisticated public (...) policy information and the complexity of the huge number of participants. But, on the other hand, digital processes should not be homogenized, nor pigeonholed into models of electronic democracy; endogenous defects should be inhibited with self-correcting designs. The task of digital technologies in the future is to develop artificial intelligence to implement the largest possible number of citizen participation mechanisms, expand their demographic reach to close gaps, complement mediation procedures and promote inclusive deliberation. The corollary shows that the future of electronic democracy lies in techno-political pedagogy. (shrink)

En el presente texto se pretende discutir, a partir de una experiencia de encuentro y convivencia con distintos grupos étnicos del Brasil, la existencia de filosofía en el pensamiento de pueblos originarios de América. Se argumentará a favor de la tesis citada y se ilustrarán algunas de las caracter..

Con ocasión de la publicación de la exhortación Evangelii Gaudium, y a los 50 años de la promulgación del decreto Unitatis redintegratio, textos ambos que proponen el principio de “jerarquía de verdades”, el autor analiza la historia de este principio y la intención de los padres conciliares al incorporarlo al decreto conciliar sobre el ecumenismo. En un segundo momento, ofrece elementos relativos a la interpretación teológica y magisterial de la “jerarquía de verdades” en el ámbito de la Iglesia católica. Luego, (...) teniendo en cuenta que el principio se indicaba para los diálogos teológicos interconfesionales, el autor presenta algunos datos relativos a su acogida por parte de teólogos protestantes, el recurso al mismo en los diálogos teológicos oficiales, y la única explicación ecuménica presente en el documento de estudio publicado por el Grupo Mixto de Trabajo entre el Consejo Mundial de Iglesias y la Iglesia católica. Como modo de verificación de la aplicabilidad de la “jerarquía de verdades”, se recogen algunos elementos relativos a la puesta en práctica del mismo por el Groupe des Dombes en su documento sobre la teología mariana. Finalmente, y a modo de conclusión, regresando a la propuesta de Evangelii Gaudium, el autor avanza algunas reflexiones ante la posible aplicación de la “jerarquía de verdades” en el ámbito de la enseñanza moral de la Iglesia. (shrink)

RésuméĽauteur commence par un bref diagnostic des tendances les plus notoires de ľépistémologie contemporaine, qui trouve dans ľopérationnalisme fonctionnaliste une ≫reponse≪ au paradoxe ?une connaissance construite par transformation de ľobjet et elle relève les indications ≫thérapeutiques≪ qui se trouvent déja dans ľépistémologie de Gonseth, selon lesquelles il sera possible de réintégrer ľidée ?objectivité et de vérité dans la connaissance. En trois aspects: dans le domaine de la méthodologie épistémologique – elle montre que Gonseth s'est aperçu de la valeur propédeutique ?une (...) gnoséologie scientifique, comme condition de base ?un abord cohérent de ľépistémologie . Dans le champ de la gnoséologie , elle montre que la coloration empiriste que Piaget a regretée dans les schémas gonséthiens, selon lui trop ouverts à un contact actuel et extérieur avec ľobjet, fournit, après tout, une indication aujourdi'hui précieuse pour contrebalancer les exagérations opposées ?une gnoséologie qui fait, de ľautoréférence et de la clôture du sujet, ľune des justifications de ľimpossibilité de fonder objectivement la connaissance. Finalement, elle considère que, dans le champ ?une lecture philosophique des sciences, le relativisme dialectique de Gonseth récupere la valeur pragmatique et ?objectivité≫circonscrite≪ de la connaissance, sans pour autant abandonner ľidée ?une progression en objectivité.SummaryThe author begins with a consideration of well‐known trends of contemporary epistemology, which finds in functionalist operationalism a ‘response’ to the paradox of knowledge achieved by transformation of the object . The author goes on to note the ‘therapeutic’ indications already available in the epistemology of Gonseth, which make it possible to reintegrate the idea of objectivity and of truth into knowledge. This is done in three respects. In epistemological methodology, it is shown that Gonseth was aware of the preparatory value of a scientific gnoseology as the fundamental condition for a coherent approach to epistemology . In gnoseology , it is shown that the empirical aspect of Gonseth's schemes, which Piaget found regrettable as being too open to immediate and exterior contact with the object, does after all provide an indication that is invaluable in offsetting the opposing exaggerations of a gnoseology that makes the self‐reference and closedness of the subject one of the justifications for the impossibility of founding knowledge objectively. Finally, it is held that, on a philosophical reading of the sciences, the dialectical relativism of Gonseth recovers the pragmatic value and the value of ‘circumscribed’ objectivity of knowledge, without in so doing giving up the idea of an increase in objectivity. (shrink)

This paper addresses two of the objections that can be raised against the presence of a project of social philosophy in Negative Dialectics. First, I argue that the continuity of Adorno’s social diagnosis with Lukács’ theory of reification should be nuanced by interpreting the core of his social theory as an analysis of the process of subsumption that occurs with the autonomization of social objectivity. Secondly, I present the notion of constellation as the core of Adorno’s epistemological argument in Negative (...) Dialectics and I challenge the idea of an incompatibility between the negative dialectic and social sciences. This is pursued through a discussion of the relation with Max Weber’s ideal types and the affinity between Adorno’s epistemological program and the theoretical models of Edward P. Thompson and David Harvey. (shrink)

After Wittgenstein's criticism of foundationalism, it is common use to defend the prevalence of action or of practical reason over the theoretical outlook at the world. The substitution of human praxis in the world for a set of self-evident propositions as foundations of theoretical knowledge seems to imply a radical form of pragmatism. Against this view, and recording some ideas of Vico, the paper claims that the rebuttal of Descartes' epistemological theory of the spectator does not imply any kind of (...) pragmatism. (shrink)

Bobbio, N. Hacia una teoría funcional del derecho.--Bulygin, E. Sobre la regla de reconocimiento.--Gargaglione de Yaryura Tobías, E.L. El conocimiento y su validación.--Gómez, A.C. Acerca de la vinculación de la regla de reconocimiento con las restantes reglas secundarias.--Grün, E. y Farrel, M.D. Problemas de verificación en el derecho. Guibourg, R.A. La nulidad y su definición.--Klug, U. Consideraciones sobre las definiciones semánticas en derecho.--Miró Quesada, F. Sobre el derecho justo.--Nino, C.S. El concepto de validez y el problema del conflicto entre normas (...) de diferente jerarquía en la teoría pura del derecho.--Raggio, A.R. La refexión.--Ross, A. La finalidad del castigo.--Soler, S. La idea de "bien común."--Spolansky, N.E. El castigo del acto anterior al hecho prohibido.--Vernengo, R.J. Norma jurídica y esquema referencial.--Wright, G.H. von. Reencuentro con la lógica deóntica. (shrink)

The definitive establishment of public-private governance has forced to abandon the theories of political autonomy that were valid until a few decades ago. In return, there has been a boom in the autonomy of the right conceived as a recovery of the natural law inherent to Human Rights. This article rescues from oblivion the two main criticisms made in the second half of the twentieth century to Human Rights: that of the conservative jurist Ernst Forsthoff and that of the Marxist (...) philosopher Antonio Negri. Although these thinkers are completely antagonistic from the point of view of their political projects, both agree that, in the current technical societies where collaborative work prevails, the liberal conception of right is no longer able to function as a guarantor of the freedoms and empowerment of citizens: it has lost all capacity for control and organization of material production relationships. (shrink)

Plato’s ideas on the value of nature and humankind are reconsidered. The traditional suggestion that his thought is ethically anthropocentric is rejected. Instead “Ethical Ratiocentrism” (ER) is the environmental worldview found in the dialogues. According to ER, human life is not intrinsically valuable, but only rational life is. ER is consistent with Plato’s holistic axiological outlook but incompatible with ethical anthropocentrism.

This paper deals with a seeming contradiction that may seriously impair Aristotle’s definition of the soul in his De Anima. While this definiens has been widely regarded as providing a non-dualistic account of life-functions, grounded in a hylomorphic approach to living beings, Aristotle sticks to an instrumental language vis-à-vis the body, which he consistently refers to as a tool of the soul. It is argued that this philosophical way of talking should be taken at face value, without dismiss- ing it (...) as a stylistic feature or a theoretical hangover from Aristotle’s Platonic days. By paying close attention to the Peripatetic and Neoplatonic reception of the “soul – boatman analogy”, the paper concludes that organic bodies may be considered as instrumental in nature, without this entailing commitment to further individual souls conceived as “users”. (shrink)

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo pretendemos abordar una problemática que tiene que ver con aquella hipótesis, erigida en corazón de la posmodernidad, que sostenía la radical imposibilidad de construir metarrelatos capaces de hallar un sentido último del devenir histórico. Como corolario de lo anterior, habríamos asistido a una radical deslegitimación del marxismo como teoría capaz de proveer verdadero conocimiento histórico y, por ende, también habría quedado desacreditado como programa político de emancipación. Ubicado como uno de los grandes relatos de la (...) modernidad europea que ya no tendrían nada que ofrecer, y defenestrado como ideología salvífica, el marxismo debe sin embargo dialogar con esa misma crítica para mostrar que todavía tiene legítima potencia a la hora de narrar con sentido algunas de las más determinantes subyugaciones que atenazan a buena parte de la humanidad. ABSTRACT In this paper, we intend to address a problematic which has to do with the hypothesis, established at the very heart of postmodernity, which maintained the radical impossibility of constructing meta-narratives capable of discovering an ultimate meaning of historical evolution. As a corollary of the above, we would have witnessed a radical delegitimation of Marxism as a theory capable of providing true historical knowledge and how it would also therefore have been discredited as a political programme for emancipation. Viewed as one of the great accounts of European modernity which would therefore have nothing to offer, and dismissed as a salvific ideology, Marxism must, nonetheless, dialogue with this criticism in order to show that it still possesses real potential when it comes to narrating meaningfully some of the most decisive subjugations which affect much of the human race. (shrink)

You see, I'm not really a thinker. I am a literary man and I have done my best to use the literary possibilities of philosophy, although I'm not a philosopher myself, except in the sense of being very puzzled with the world and with my own life. But when people ask me, for example, if I really believe that the cosmic process will go on and will repeat itself, I say I have nothing at all to do with that. I (...) merely tried to apply the aesthetic possibilities, let's say, of the transmigration of souls or of the fourth dimension to literature and see what could result from them. But really, I would not think of myself as a thinker or a philosopher. And I follow no particular school. (shrink)

Los fenómenos urbanos son modos concretos de reproducción social y, como toda reproducción, tienen un carácter histórico. En este artículo se defenderá que es posible identificar tres grandes paradigmas históricos en el desarrollo urbano del Occidente moderno —la ciudad, la metrópolis y la postmetrópolis— y que su forma de gobernanza coincide con los tres tipos de poder identificados por Foucault: el soberano, el disciplinar y el biopolítico. Además, se analizará cómo cada una de estas tres dobles configuraciones de la reproducción (...) social genera unos puntos neurálgicos, cuya manipulación produce un impacto sobre el sistema mucho mayor que cualquier otra posible acción, tanto si está orientada al dominio institucional del poder constituido como a la resistencia frente al mismo. El presente trabajo aborda la lógica de funcionamiento de estos tres modelos urbanos, identificando sus respectivos centros neurálgicos como punto de partida desde el que es viable constituir el sujeto político antagónico más efectivo posible en cada uno de ellos. (shrink)

Systematically analyzes the nature of metaphysics.

A systematic and comprehensive treatment of pertinent issues, the book defends two main theses.

O bem-estar pessoal de adolescentes é um tema de crescente interesse na literatura científica, especialmente quando se considera a escassez de artigos que considerem o ponto de vista dos adolescentes. Este estudo busca analisar relações entre bem-estar pessoal de pais e filhos e seus valores aspirad..